0000028837 00000 n The elements that can affect the management of MSW during COVID-19 and future pandemics can be summarized as follows: the pickers of MSW (i.e., MSW handlers), plastic bins, metallic containers, specific vehicles, transfer stations, compactor vehicles, and disposal (see Figure Figure8).8). 0000003388 00000 n A royal order imposing a curfew from 7 pm until 6 am for 21 days, Preventing the residents of the regions from leaving their areas. 0000002585 00000 n 2020. Periodical cleaning and disinfection of the compactor vehicles should be applied continually in Makkah, to minimize the suitable media for growth and multiplication of all pathogens through the uncleaned MSW compactors.

% 28 42 Implementing additional health precautionary measures in several residential districts in Jeddah, by preventing entry to or exit from them and curfew in them over a 24-h period, Starting the travel procedures for Umrah performers who are late to leave from King Abdulaziz international Airport in Jeddah. MSW generated from quarantine sites should be sorted, segregated, and stored separately from the general medical waste at the point of generation. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal 8600 Rockville Pike MSW generated from the quarantine sites (e.g., hospitals, hotels, and schools) should be managed, from collection until disposal, as a medical waste. The generation of MSW from commercial centers, educational facilities, wedding halls, hotels, visitor housing, restaurants, and cafes was decreased. For households, medical waste should be safely handled; gloves and face masks should be sprayed with alcohol, cut into small pieces, collected into 2/3 volume, double-bagged, and the bags should be closed well, in order to be not become mixed with MSW. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Household's awareness and participation in sustainable electronic waste management practices in Saudi Arabia, 2022 THE AUTHORS. Thus, the contaminated fomites represent a potential risk for virus transmission (Biryukov et al. Careers, Communicated by Responsible Editor: Amjad Kallel. 0000040254 00000 n Such PPE may carry the causative virus and act as a source of infection. Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. During the COVID-19 pandemic, routine people activities were overturned, which led to a shifting in the trends of solid waste created by medical facilities, quarantine centers, streets, and households (Tripathi et al. 2011) and for up to 35 days on porous surfaces (Duan et al. ys] R,->GM. Reducing the presence of beneficiaries in government departments. In addition to the establishment of the Saudi Patient Safety Center (SPSC), which contributed to increasing the percentage of hospitals that achieved the American average for measured patient safety culture from 30% in 2018 to 60% in 2019, the Kingdom topped the list of Arab countries, in terms of the Global Health Security Index, in 2019 and was ranked 47th globally. hbbd```b``n X$D2= ;lC &vzM0 XeLEjJl$ rj3)Hh S Z< 0000037605 00000 n Strategy development in the framework of waste management aims to increase quality of life and should reduce the impact of several processes on the surrounding environment (Zorpas 2020). 9o] OmD 7ss/6S}. 0000061677 00000 n endstream endobj startxref Waste management planning requires reliable information about waste generation and its affecting factors as well as forecasts of waste quantities based on evidences (Mazzanti and Zoboli 2008). Changing lifestyle will change the status of the generated MSW. Changing the routine daily activities of the people during the COVID-19 crisis had direct impact on the MSW management (Tripathi et al. The current research paper discussed the global hierarchy system of MSW management according to the priorities (reduce, reuse, recycle, recover, and disposal) and recommendations of all the related agencies (ISWA 2020; OSHA 2020). 2020). 2020), as well as paper/cardboard (Duan et al. Zand DA, Heir VA. Measuring the level of environmental performance on coastal environment before and during Covid-19 pandemic. 2014). The suggested specific guidance plans for MSW management during COVID-19 in Makkah can be summarized in the following points: The implementation of control measures, such as the lockdown of citizens, suspending Umrah, performing Hajj with a very limited number of pilgrims, and closing hotels and commercial centers, changed the lifestyle of citizens and, thus, the MSW constitution in Makkah. Emerging challenges in urban waste management in Tehran, Iran during the COVID-19 pandemic. Khan S, Alghafari Y.

Cro~Nm ;=ba ZgQ'5[9)oT)&50H fh M,3k.yDzo,`;p/%g~NT[G-c A Available online: Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. Plastic waste associated with the COVID-19 pandemic: crisis or opportunity? %PDF-1.6 % The generated MSW from restaurants and cafes will be decreased. The authors would like to express their great thanks to the Deanship of Scientific Research at Umm Al-Qura University for supporting this research work by Grant Code: (20-ENG-4-13-0001). Approximately 20% of infectious viruses can remain for 6 days or more in suitable surrounding conditions (Ijaz et al. Until the 20th of June 2021, the number of the global confirmed cases was 178,268,289 and the number of global deaths was 3,861,485, while on the local level, the number of infected cases in Saudi Arabia was 474,191 with 7,677 deaths (Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Centre 2021). 0000025184 00000 n EEAA Egyptian Environmental Affairs and Agency (2020) Regulation of municipal solid and medical waste during the pandemic of COVID-19. hb```b``a`c` @1E#,~B5tRbGN%O*0 N!Z\,:bsn9$# 2015; Kampf et al.

trailer Available online: Optimizing the suitable site(S) for landfill by multi-criteria decision and investigating biogasification potential of the waste in Makkah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Thermal and Environmental Engineering. Impact of the lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic on the generated MSW. _ F endstream endobj startxref 0 %%EOF 1621 0 obj <>stream To control the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 in outdoor environments, a specific guidance plan for the management of MSW in Makkah should be obeyed, to face the significant challenges for MSW related to the persistence of COVID-19 on different materials. Available online: MoH (Saudi Ministry of Health) (2020) Periodic reports and guidelines for facing COVID-19 pandemic. 2020). Selected representative households were planned to, emptied plastic bag every morning, and sorted in situ due to the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic. Stability of SARS-CoV-2 on environmental surfaces and in human excreta. Media Reports, 2020. In fact, the PPE handling problem should be considered, by all concerned, due to the potential of re-spread of infection of COVID-19 due to the throwing of facemasks and gloves in public streets, in addition to the mixing of non-infected MSW with used face masks and gloves (Figure (Figure66). Klemes et al. Therefore, the disposal of personal protective tools (e.g., face masks and gloves) in public streets (Figure (Figure8)8) and in the metal containers distributed in Makkah may represent a potential source of infection. Impact of the lockdown and curfew on the generation of MSW in Makkah was discussed with special reference to the handling of COVID-19 protective tools. and transmitted securely. Due to the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on the different kinds of surfaces for several hours to few days, the solid wastes may act as a source of infection, especially in indoor environments. ~!V?5 0 g1-Dz)&w"':ah$F"uj|PGMRh)np? Available online: Tripathi A, Tyagi VK, Vivekanand V, Bose P, Suthar S. Challenges, opportunities and progress in solid waste management during COVID-19 pandemic. Klemes JJ, Fan YV, Tan RR, Jiang P. Minimising the present and future plastic waste, energy and environmental footprints related to COVID-19. Zorpas AA, Lasaridi K, Voukkali I, Loizia P, Chroni C. Household waste compositional analysis variation from insular communities in the framework of waste prevention strategy plans. The potential of infection by the virus through MSW calls for the development of alternative and specific guidance plans, as well as for the updating of policies and guidelines for municipal solid waste management (MSWM), considering MSW workers, handling, collection, transportation, and disposal of the MSW mixed with PPE (e.g., gloves and face masks) during the COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics, to ensure the safe management of MSW and to minimize the related infection risks.

A case study from Cyprus, Sustainability. Encouragement of the utilization of single-use tools within the medical sectors, in order to facilitate better management of the generated wastes, Introduction and/or increase of more robust systems for waste segregation, collection, and management, as well as guidance for individuals on how to safely dispose of used medical equipment. 2020). 2020; Luca et al. Learn more hb```M@(bpw!Cz{JGC' 5:%Lj \,?poqR(]P#%I4)$K$gCh.66p/hVG@,:"::)` a%% (p9:p:J#-2`w00\c`a2e"*fxf#f{8Y_dQo w-+,"2bt@m:fc`P8Tkr!*F> ^r 0000004007 00000 n It was also indicated that there are direct and indirect preliminary impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on SW management (Kulkarni and Anantharama 2020; Zand and Heir 2020; Das et al. Implementation of control measures in Makkah has led to a change of lifestyle, which resulted in a physical change of the MSW constitution in Makkah, with the following average rates: organic matter, 57%; plastics, 31%; paper and cardboard, 9%; metals, 1%; glass, 1%; and wood, 1%. Electronic waste (e-waste) management is currently a priority, especially in economically developing nations, because improper waste disposal leads to economic loss and negative impacts on environment and public health. Dr. Almulhim received his PhD from University of Liverpool, UK in 2020. Ball S, Taleb MA. The COVID-19 pandemic has emphasized disasters related to environmental topics, human health, social lifestyles, and economic systems around the world. The results of the current study revealed that the hierarchical system of MSW was modified under pandemic conditions. Global lockdowns were implemented, to reduce the public SARS-CoV-2 infection risk (Saadat et al. Khoo et al. The people who were obliged to quarantine had a private room and bathroom available, such that no one had contact with them, and their waste was placed in sealed bags and sterilized before leaving the room, in order to avoid the spread of infection (MoH 2020). Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R, Niu P, Zhan F, Ma X, Wang D, Xu W, Wu G, Gao GF, Tan W, China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China; 2019.

0000065448 00000 n A literature survey indicated the potential of spread of the COVID-19 pandemic because of the different tasks (e.g., handling, collection, transportation, and disposal) involving MSW, through improper and traditional environmental management (Mol and Caldas 2020). These elements may be optimized as follows: Guidance plan for MSW collection procedure during COVID-19 pandemic, Proposed practices of MSWM in Makkah during COVID-19 pandemic. There is a high potential risk of the COVID-19 spreading through the contaminated SW surfaces (Nghiem et al. <<2D587634CAEB8443AD06345B84071C31>]/Prev 214384>> <> startxref 0000018311 00000 n Service in restaurants and cafes is limited to external requests. Benchmarking waste disposal in the Egyptian hotel industry. 28 0 obj <> endobj 0000001495 00000 n Ijaz MK, Brunner AH, Sattar SA, Nair RC, Johnson-Lussenburg CM. 2020), in addition to, the potential risk of the SARS-CoV-2 infection which may result from the contaminated waste surfaces (Nghiem et al. Loizia P, Voukkali I, Chatziparaskeva G, Pedreo JN, Zorpas AA. The COVID-19 pandemic has posed a major environmental impact, having direct impacts on enhancing the air quality levels around the world due to minimizing the traffic activities during the lockdown, and on the operational tasks of MSW management (ISWA 2020). The generated MSW from quarantine sites (homes, hotels), except that which is medical waste-related (e.g., safety face masks, gloves, and other disposable items), should be treated as normal MSW after the necessary measures are taken (e.g., double-bagging, tying properly, and 2/3 of capacity). Yousefi M, Oskoei V, Jafari AJ, Farzadkia M, Firooz MH, Abdollahinejad B, Torkashvand J. The effects of temperature and relative humidity on the viability of the SARS coronavirus. 5 0 obj 0000065113 00000 n (2021) stated that plastic waste should be properly managed during the COVID-19 pandemic to avoid its adverse effects on the environment, animals, and human health.



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