The second was the permanent improvement of the diverse traffic infrastructure, which made Cologne one of the most easily accessible metropolitan areas in Central Europe. Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions. [7] Considerable Roman remains can be found in present-day Cologne, especially near the wharf area, where a 1,900-year-old Roman boat was discovered in late 2007. Cologne Remains of an old city. The cathedral, started in 1248 but abandoned around 1560, was eventually finished in 1880 not just as a place of worship but also as a German national monument celebrating the newly founded German empire and the continuity of the German nation since the Middle Ages. Cologne was occupied by the British Army of the Rhine until 1926, under the terms of the Armistice and the subsequent Versailles Peace Treaty. [86], Lauder Morijah School (German: Lauder-Morijah-Schule), a Jewish school in Cologne, previously closed. Compared to some other major cities, however, the Nazis never gained decisive support in Cologne. What are the nearest attractions to Cologne Cathedral (Klner Dom)? In contrast with the harsh behaviour of the French occupation troops in Germany, the British forces were more lenient to the local population. Several bridges cross the Rhine in Cologne. By the end of the 12th century, the Archbishop of Cologne was one of the seven electors of the Holy Roman Emperor. The rebuilding of those churches and other landmarks such as the Grzenich event hall was not undisputed among leading architects and art historians at that time, but in most cases, civil intention prevailed. [33] Still temperatures can vary noticeably over the course of a month with warmer and colder weather. The city's highest point is 118m (387ft) above sea level (the Monte Troodelh) and its lowest point is 37.5m (123ft 0in) above sea level (the Worringer Bruch). [45] The metropolitan area of the Cologne Bonn Region is home to 3,573,500 living on 4,415/km2 (11,430/sqmi). This was considered to be a replacement for the loss of the University of Strasbourg on the west bank of the Rhine, which reverted to France with the rest of Alsace. Japanese automotive manufacturer Toyota have their major motorsport facility known by the name Toyota Motorsport GmbH. The Nazis then arrested the Communist and Social Democrats members of the city assembly, and Mayor Adenauer was dismissed. I think most folks had shorts on. Cologne's tallest structure is the Colonius telecommunication tower at 266m or 873ft. [5] The city has five Rhine ports,[5] the second largest inland port in Germany and one of the largest in Europe. The reconstruction of the city followed the style of the 1950s, while respecting the old layout and naming of the streets. The Kolsch beer style first appeared in the 1800s and in 1986 the breweries established an appellation under which only breweries in the city are allowed to use the term Kolsch. The democratic parties lost the local elections in Cologne in March 1933 to the Nazi Party and other extreme-right parties. [27] The six synagogues of the city were destroyed. This experience is showcased by Viator and has met our quality standards. These dialects are spoken in the area covered by the Archdiocese and former Electorate of Cologne reaching from Neuss in the north to just south of Bonn, west to Dren and east to Olpe in the North-West of Germany. [44] The population density was 2,641/km2 (6,840/sqmi). Liga (third division) and the Regionalliga West (fourth division) respectively. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. This loss was mainly caused by a massive evacuation of the people to more rural areas. ICE and TGV Thalys high-speed trains link Cologne with Amsterdam, Brussels (in 1h47, 9 departures/day) and Paris (in 3h14, 6 departures/day). Cunibert, made bishop of Cologne in 623, was an important advisor to the merovingian King Dagobert I and served with domesticus Pepin of Landen as tutor to the king's son and heir Siegebert III, the future king of Austrasia. However even I will admit that my idea of dressing modestly might differ from yours. The destruction of 95% of the city centre, including the famous Twelve Romanesque churches such as St.Gereon, Great St.Martin, St.Maria im Kapitol and several other monuments in World WarII, meant a tremendous loss of cultural treasures. Thus, the city today is characterized by simple and modest post-war buildings, with a few interspersed pre-war buildings which were reconstructed due to their historical importance. [31] The city of Cologne lies within the larger area of the Cologne Lowland, a cone-shaped area of the central Rhineland that lies between Bonn, Aachen and Dsseldorf. However, the so-called "Tolle Tage" (crazy days) do not start until Weiberfastnacht (Women's Carnival) or, in dialect, Wieverfastelovend, the Thursday before Ash Wednesday, which is the beginning of the street carnival. Besides the three magi Cologne preserves the relics of Saint Ursula and Albertus Magnus. If it is extremely hot out the option is to wear the sleeveless clothing but bring a light sweater or jacket to cover up while touring the cathedral. The real highlights of Klner Dom are inside. [41] The city was home to around 20,000 people in 1000AD, growing to 50,000 in 1200AD. During the 18th century, this perfume became increasingly popular, was exported all over Europe by the Farina family and Farina became a household name for Eau de Cologne. [15] It was turned into a heavily armed fortress (opposing the French and Belgian fortresses of Verdun and Lige) with two fortified belts surrounding the city, the remains of which can be seen to this day. [3] In the 843 Treaty of Verdun Cologne fell into the dominion of Lothair I's Middle Francia later called Lotharingia (Lower Lorraine). We are used to very casual liberal dress codes in North America but with a few tweaks we can be assured entrance to everything we want to see while on vacation in Europe. The metropolitan area encompasses over 405 square kilometres (156 square miles), extending around a central point that lies at 50 56' 33 latitude and 6 57' 32 longitude. The answers provided below are based on answers previously given by the tour provider to customers questions. [3] Agrippina was later dropped (except in Latin), and Colonia became the name of the city in its own right, which developed into modern German as Kln. This included torture, the sentence for which was only allowed to be handed down by the episcopal judge known as the "Greve". There are many institutions of higher education, most notably the University of Cologne, one of Europe's oldest and largest universities;[5] the Technical University of Cologne, Germany's largest university of applied sciences; and the German Sport University Cologne. Cologne (English: /klon/ k-LOHN; German: Kln [kln] (listen); Klsch: Klle [kl] (listen)) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 million people in the urban region. In 953, the archbishops of Cologne first gained noteworthy secular power when bishop Bruno was appointed as duke by his brother Otto I, King of Germany. [32] Cologne's largest daily newspaper is the Klner Stadt-Anzeiger. In 1803 Wilhelm Mlhens entered into a contract with an unrelated person from Italy named Carlo Francesco Farina who granted him the right to use his family name and Mhlens opened a small factory at Cologne's Glockengasse. The economic structures of medieval and early modern Cologne were characterised by the city's status as a major harbour and transport hub on the Rhine. Cologne was designated as one of the Fortresses of the German Confederation. [37], In the Roman Empire the city was large and rich with a population of 40,000 in 100200AD. In January, the mean temperature is 3.0C (37F), while the mean temperature in July is 19.0C (66F). Following the Battle of Worringen in 1288, Cologne gained its independence from the archbishops and became a Free City. Of the twelve medieval city gates that once existed, only the Eigelsteintorburg at Ebertplatz, the Hahnentor at Rudolfplatz and the Severinstorburg at Chlodwigplatz still stand today. A Rhine crossing of a special kind is provided by the Cologne Cable Car (German: Klner Seilbahn), a cableway that runs across the Rhine between the Cologne Zoological Garden in Riehl and the Rheinpark in Deutz. Are you saying long pants as opposed to shorts? Cologne is a major cultural center for the Rhineland; it hosts more than 30 museums and hundreds of galleries. Attractions near Cologne Cathedral (Klner Dom): What else should I know about attractions in Cologne? [59], The presence of animals in Cologne is generally limited to insects, small rodents, and several species of birds. When the British occupation ended, the prohibition of civil aviation was lifted and Cologne Butzweilerhof Airport soon became a hub for national and international air traffic, second in Germany only to Berlin Tempelhof Airport. According to the 2011 census, 2.1% of the population was Eastern Orthodox, 0.5% was member of an Evangelical Free Church and 4.2% belonged to further religious communities officially recognized by the state of North Rhine-Westphalia (such as Jehovah's Witnesses). Today, original Eau de Cologne is still produced in Cologne by both the Farina family, currently in the eighth generation, and by Murer & Wirtz who bought the 4711 brand in 2006. The city is "Germany's capital of TV crime stories". Several radio and television stations, including Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR), RTL and VOX, have their headquarters in the city. In 2005, the first stretch of an eight-lane motorway in North Rhine-Westphalia was opened to traffic on Bundesautobahn3, part of the eastern section of the Cologne Beltway between the interchanges Cologne East and Heumar. The main literary figure connected with Cologne is the writer Heinrich Bll, winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature. The same happened in many other German cities in the last two years of war.

Nearby Bonn is linked by both the Stadtbahn and main line railway trains, and occasional recreational boats on the Rhine. As part of the demilitarisation of the Rhineland, the city's fortifications had to be dismantled. He decided to use the house number given to the factory at Glockengasse during the French occupation in the early 19th century, 4711. Galerie Karsten Greve, one of the leading galleries for postwar and contemporary art. Other large companies based in Cologne include the REWE Group, TV Rheinland, Deutz AG and a number of Klsch breweries. The Napoleonic code remained in use on the left bank of the Rhine until 1900, when a unified civil code (the Brgerliches Gesetzbuch) was introduced in the German Empire. Cologne-Bonn Airport is the second largest freight terminal in Germany. ", "Klner Digitalwirtschaft gut aufgestellt", "Cologne becomes first big German city to declare climate emergency", "High-speed trains to link England and Germany", "Hochschulen Wissensdurst Kln Das Klner Wissenschaftsportal", "Cologne Adult Education Centre City of Cologne", "Soviet immigration, once a bane of Germany's Jews, has become their salvation", Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cologne&oldid=1100508829, Populated places established in the 1st century BC, Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Articles with German-language sources (de), Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. (= Geschichte der Stadt Kln in 13 Bnden, Bd. It remained just below that until mid-2010, when it exceeded 1million again. Especially the inner urban neighbourhoods experience a greater number of hot days, as well as significantly higher temperatures during night time compared to the surrounding area (including the airport, where temperatures are classified). Compared to other German cities, Cologne has a traffic layout that is not very bicycle-friendly. Plans for new roads had already, to a certain degree, evolved under the Nazi administration, but the actual construction became easier when most of the city centre was in ruins.

[68] Cologne is well known for its beer, called Klsch. [48] Irenaeus of Lyons claimed that Christianity was brought to Cologne by Roman soldiers and traders at an unknown early date. This topic has been automatically closed due to a period of inactivity. The Vatican is extremely clear on what is and isnt allowed to be worn when touring St. Peters Basilica. In the 1980s and 1990s Cologne's economy prospered for two main reasons. These back-to-school designs are in a class of their own. In 2008 Cologne had 4.31million overnight stays booked and 2.38million arrivals.

Churches other than at the Vatican are more lenient on this one but still request clothing that covers the knee. The completed section became Bundesstrae ("Federal Road") B 55a, which begins at the Zoobrcke ("Zoo Bridge") and meets with A4 and A3 at the interchange Cologne East. Dezember 2020", Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW, "bomber command mines laid flight august 1945 1571 Flight Archive", https://www.dw.com/en/celebrating-1700-years-of-jewish-life-in-germany/a-56131698, "Rote Funken Klsche Funke rut-wie vun 1823 e.V. The post-war rebuilding has resulted in a very mixed cityscape, restoring only major historic landmarks like city gates and churches (31 of them being Romanesque). It is also one of the cloudiest cities in Germany, with just 1567.5 hours of sun a year. Besides being prince elector, he was Archchancellor of Italy as well, technically from 1238 and permanently from 1263 until 1803. [75] The largest employer in Cologne is Ford Europe, which has its European headquarters and a factory in Niehl (Ford-Werke GmbH). Among the largest media companies based in Cologne are Westdeutscher Rundfunk, RTL Television (with subsidiaries), n-tv, Deutschlandradio, Brainpool TV and publishing houses like J.P. Bachem, Taschen, Tandem Verlag, and M.DuMont Schauberg. Some of this urban growth occurred at the expense of the city's historic heritage with much being demolished (for example, the city walls or the area around the cathedral) and sometimes replaced by contemporary buildings. Several clusters of media, arts and communications agencies, TV production studios, and state agencies work partly with private and government-funded cultural institutions. In 2011, about 11.2% of the population was Muslim. If you asked about specific places a more precise answer could be provided. I have never noticed any concern about attire in the churches in Munich or other parts of Germany. Bezirksregierung Kln: Topografische Karte 1:50.000 (TK 50), Blatt L 5108 Kln-Mlheim. Men in particular are singled out to wear long pants. Cologne competed to host the Olympics, and a modern sports stadium was erected at Mngersdorf. Generally you need to have knees and shoulders covered.

[citation needed], Besides its economic and political significance Cologne also became an important centre of medieval pilgrimage, when Cologne's archbishop, Rainald of Dassel, gave the relics of the Three Wise Men to Cologne's cathedral in 1164 (after they, in fact, had been taken from Milan). Klsch is also the name of the local dialect. These conflicts alienated the Catholic population from Berlin and contributed to a deeply felt anti-Prussian resentment, which was still significant after World War II, when the former mayor of Cologne, Konrad Adenauer, became the first West German chancellor. Since the second half of the 16th century the majority of archbishops were drawn from the Bavaria Wittelsbach dynasty. Find tickets & tours worldwide. Cologne was a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire and one of the major members of the trade union Hanseatic League. Quickly access bookings. At times chic everywhere contains paid advertisements & contextual affiliate links. Vehicle and engine manufacturing was especially successful, though the heavy industry was less ubiquitous than in the Ruhr area. Cologne prospered during the Weimar Republic (191933), and progress was made especially in public governance, city planning, housing and social affairs. [63] The Renaissance-style loggia and tower were added in the 15th century. The master plan took into consideration the fact that even shortly after the war a large increase in automobile traffic could be anticipated. Located in the Rhine-Ruhr area, Cologne is one of the warmest cities in Germany. The record high temperature of 40.3C (105F) happened on 25 July 2019 during the July 2019 European heat wave in which Cologne saw three consecutive days over 38.0C (100F). [90] They are based at Lanxess Arena.[90]. With Bonn being chosen as the provisional federal capital (provisorische Bundeshauptstadt) and seat of the government of the Federal Republic of Germany (then informally West Germany), Cologne benefited by being sandwiched between two important political centres. 1,046 heavy bombers attacked their target with 1,455 tons of explosives, approximately two-thirds of which were incendiary. As of 2015, 35.5% of the population belonged to the Catholic Church, the largest religious body, and 15.5% to the Evangelical Church. [85] Foreigners can have German lessons in the VHS (Adult Education Centre). [87], Within Germany, Cologne is known as an important media centre. Cologne has a railway service with Deutsche Bahn InterCity and ICE-trains stopping at Kln Hauptbahnhof (Cologne Main Station), Kln Messe/Deutz and Cologne/Bonn Airport. sundown sunset bridge river sunny sunrise sunset dresses, sundown sunset bridge river sunny sunrise sunset, Available as Standard or Express delivery, 100% Secure payment with 256-bit SSL Encryption. Cologne is considered "the secret golf capital of Germany". The current Lord Mayor of Cologne is Henriette Reker. ", "Cologne Cathedral is perhaps the single most famous tank duel? As a free imperial city, Cologne was a self-ruling state within the Holy Roman Empire, an imperial estate with seat and vote at the Imperial Diet, and as such had the right (and obligation) to contribute to the defense of the Empire and maintain its own military force. Celebrating 1,700 years of Jewish life in Germany. ", "Tensions rise in Germany over handling of mass sexual assaults in Cologne", "1075 Anzeigen nach Klner Silvesternacht 73 Verdchtige", "Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - Stadtklima Kln - Klimawandelgerechte Metropole Kln - Strategie zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel (KLN_21)", "Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - CDC (Climate Data Center)", "Wetter und Klima - Deutscher Wetterdienst - Klimadaten weltweit - Klimadaten Deutschland", "Aktuelle Wetterinformationen - Meteorologie Kln -", "Flood Forecasting and Flood Defence in Cologne", "Stadtentwsserungsbetriebe Kln: Flood Management", "International trade and institutional change: A death in Venice", "1 081 701 Klnerinnen und Klner in 2016", "Zensus 2011: Bevlkerung im regionalen Vergleich nach Religion (ausfhrlich) in%", "Nordrhein-Westfalen: Religions- und Weltanschauungsgemeinschaften, die auf Landesebene den Status "Krperschaft des ffentlichen Rechts" besitzen", "Muslime in den Grostdten beim Zensus 2011", "Cologne: Germany's Oldest Jewish Community", "Germany's largest mosque to broadcast call to prayer on Fridays", "Oberbrgermeisterwahl Wahl des/der Oberbrgermeisters/in 2015 in der Stadt Kln Gesamtergebnis", "Stichwahl der Oberbrgermeisterin / des Oberbrgermeisters - Kommunalwahlen 2020 in der Stadt Kln - Gesamtergebnis", "In NRW behaupten sich immer mehr exotische Vgel", "Tourism results for 2016: Moderate decrease in visitor numbers due to difficult general conditions", "Offizielle Webseite des Klner Doms | Bedeutende Werke", "Strategic Management Society Cologne Conference Cologne Information", "Clubstudie 2021: Initiative Musik legt Einzelauswertungen der Bundeslnder vor", "Clubstudie 2021: Einzelauswertungen der Bundeslnder", "Carnival Cologne's "fifth season" Cologne Sights & Events Stadt Kln", "A Quick Visit to Cologne: Kolsch Anyone? Thus they took up residence in Bonn and later in Brhl on the Rhine. [88] Furthermore, the city hosts the Cologne Comedy Festival, which is considered to be the largest comedy festival in mainland Europe.[89]. The Free Imperial City of Cologne must not be confused with the Electorate of Cologne which was a state of its own within the Holy Roman Empire. All sponsored posts & gifted product will be marked within the post. (Feb 19, 2021). We have made do with tugging shorts low on my kids so they cover the knees (and tying a shirt around the waist to cover anything that might show). [17] There were 546,498 women and 522,694 men in Cologne. No one wants to be turned away from a special mass or religious tour because of a simple thing like clothing. Cologne is also famous for Eau de Cologne (German: Klnisch Wasser; lit: "Water of Cologne"), a perfume created by Italian expatriate Johann Maria Farina at the beginning of the 18th century.

Thanks. Most areas of the church are wheelchair accessible. Also make sure to pack a light cardigan, light scarf or light jacket just in case. The Edict of Constantine to the Jews is the oldest documented evidence in Germany.[9][10]. [88] A third of all German TV productions are made in the Cologne region. The Cologne University of Music and Dance is the largest conservatory in Europe. 2,537 people acquired German citizenship in 2015. In 1837 the archbishop of Cologne, Clemens August von Droste-Vischering, was arrested and imprisoned for two years after a dispute over the legal status of marriages between Protestants and Roman Catholics (Mischehenstreit). So capri pants are ok. Not sure what you mean by trousers. Rules are more strict in southern Europe. Here are a few ways to enjoy the celebration. They just don't care. The reconstruction lasted until the 1990s, when the Romanesque church of St.Kunibert was finished. Many art galleries in Cologne enjoy a worldwide reputation like e.g. [12], Cologne's location on the river Rhine placed it at the intersection of the major trade routes between east and west as well as the main southnorth Western Europe trade route, Northern Italy to Flanders. Cologne is home to 80,000 people of Turkish origin and is the second largest German city with Turkish population after Berlin. Hfen und Gterverkehr Kln (Ports and Goods traffic Cologne, HGK) is one of the largest operators of inland ports in Germany. Short skirts are anything that is above the knee so think midi or maxi skirts so that you can be safe to enter the churches you are touring. Road building had been a major issue in the 1920s under the leadership of mayor Konrad Adenauer. Trousers, long skirts, t-shirts, maxi dresses are all acceptable. Colognian or Klsch (Colognian pronunciation: [k]) (natively Klsch Platt) is a small set of very closely related dialects, or variants, of the Ripuarian Central German group of languages. Cologne was also an important hotbed for electronic music in the 1950s (Studio fr elektronische Musik, Karlheinz Stockhausen) and again from the 1990s onward. Bundesliga. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The first urban settlement on the grounds of modern-day Cologne was Oppidum Ubiorum, founded in 38BCE by the Ubii, a Cisrhenian Germanic tribe. [3] Cologne is shown on the 4th century Peutinger Map. Cologne was founded and established in Germanic Ubii territory in the 1st century CE as the Roman Colonia Agrippina, hence its name. Film and TV production is also important. Thus this region later became part of Napoleon's Empire. If I returned to Kln, I would definitely reach out to Sascha to see if a personal tour would be an option. Shorts shorts are prohibited for both men and women at the Vatican. The Cologne Trade Fair hosts a number of trade shows. Famous Turkish-German people like rapper Eko Fresh and TV presenter Nazan Eckes were born in Cologne. The airport is shared with the neighbouring city of Bonn. Someone older might have a different idea of what dress modestly means than someone young. It has a temperateoceanic climate (Kppen: Cfb) with cool winters and warm summers. Prior to World War II, the city had undergone occupations by the French (17941815) and the British (19181926), and was part of Prussia beginning in 1815. By 1300 the city population was 50,00055,000. A selection of the tallest buildings in Cologne is listed below. [37][39] The system was redesigned after a 1993 flood, which resulted in heavy damage. It is assumed that it was located near the Marspforte within the city wall. In 1874, during the Kulturkampf, Archbishop Paul Melchers was imprisoned before taking asylum in the Netherlands. You need to be respectful and dress appropriately even if there's not a dress code officer standing at the entrance. Cologne functioned as the capital of the Roman province of Germania Inferior and as the headquarters of the Roman military in the region until occupied by the Franks in 462. In order to weaken the secular nobility, who threatened his power, Otto endowed Bruno and his archiepiscopal successors with the prerogatives of secular princes, thus establishing the Electorate of Cologne, formed by the temporal possessions of the archbishopric and included in the end a strip of territory along the left Bank of the Rhine east of Jlich, as well as the Duchy of Westphalia on the other side of the Rhine, beyond Berg and Mark. The city is also home of the ice hockey team Klner Haie, in the highest ice hockey league in Germany, the Deutsche Eishockey Liga. The first historical Bishop of Cologne was Saint Maternus. In 2014 it ranked 36th out of 39 German cities with a population greater than 200,000. Historically, Cologne has always been an important trade city, with land, air, and sea connections. But high season for many European vacations is during the summer hot months. Cologne had been the seat of a bishop since the Roman period; under Charlemagne, in 795, bishop Hildebold was promoted to archbishop. [91] The International Olympic Committee and Internationale Vereinigung Sport- und Freizeiteinrichtungen e.V. Cologne has more than 60 music venues and the third-highest density of music venues of Germany's four largest cities, after Munich and Hamburg and ahead of Berlin.[65][66]. This has led to the common joke of Klsch being the only language one can drink. In 716, Charles Martel commanded an army for the first time and suffered the only defeat of his life when Chilperic II, King of Neustria, invaded Austrasia and the city fell to him in the Battle of Cologne. Cologne Bonn Airport is a regional hub, the main airport for the region being Dsseldorf Airport. The last section south of Ebertplatz was completed in 1972. Klsch is one of the very few city dialects in Germany, which also include the dialect spoken in Berlin, for example. To avoid the crowds, opt for an early morning or evening visit. Any long pants, even jeans, are appropriate. The operator whose product is featured here may pay Viator more. Cologne is the fourth-largest city in Germany after Berlin, Hamburg and Munich. Churches and cathedrals bring their own unique set of wardrobe challenges. During World War II, Cologne was a Military Area Command Headquarters (Militrbereichshauptkommandoquartier) for the Military District (Wehrkreis) VI of Mnster. Various interest groups often form networks beyond party boundaries. Nearly a million people attend the annual festivities, which kick off in November and ramp up around Lent in February. The average household size was 1.87. Roughly at the same time, a city centre bypass (Stadtautobahn) was planned, but only partially put into effect, due to opposition by environmental groups. Generally, around a million people celebrate in the streets on the Thursday before Ash Wednesday. I'm guessing you can probably figure this out on your own. This was an opportunity to create two green belts (Grngrtel) around the city by converting the fortifications and their fields of fire into large public parks.

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