"[18] Meher Baba stated that in love there is a "feeling of unity" and an "active appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love. (i) is used as both a verb (e.g. 1). Observare is a synonym for diligere; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun, observantia, often denote "esteem" or "affection." Gaudiya Vaishnavas who worship Krishna as the Supreme Personality of Godhead and the cause of all causes consider Love for Godhead (Prema) to act in two ways: sambhoga and vipralambha (union and separation)two opposites.[61]. Mozi, by contrast, believed people in principle should care for all people equally. [27] American psychologist Zick Rubin sought to define love by psychometrics in the 1970s. [34] However, some organisms can reproduce asexually without mating. Passionate love is shown in infatuation as well as romantic love. [3][4][5], Love is considered to be both positive and negative, with its virtue representing human kindness, compassion, and affection, as "the unselfish loyal and benevolent concern for the good of another" and its vice representing human moral flaw, akin to vanity, selfishness, amour-propre, and egotism, as potentially leading people into a type of mania, obsessiveness or codependency. God desires to recognize beauty, and as if one looks at a mirror to see oneself, God "looks" at himself within the dynamics of nature. .jpg)
He is usually accompanied by his consort Rati and his companion Vasanta, lord of the spring season. | Best 91 Definitions of Love", "Love Definition of love by Merriam-Webster", "St. Thomas Aquinas, STh III, 26, 4, corp. art", "Raised plasma nerve growth factor levels associated with early-stage romantic love", "Philosophy of Love | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy", "Japanese Words for "Love": The Difference between "Ai" and "Koi", "Augustine's Hermeneutics and Homiletics in, "Sri Lanka Philippines: Meeting with the young people in the sports field of Santo Tomas University (Manila, 18 January 2015) Francis", "The key to love according to Pope Francis", "Wonderful Characteristic of Krishna Prema, Gour Govinda Swami", "Love's Lessons: Intimacy, Pedagogy and Political Community", Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love&oldid=1097772555, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles containing Sanskrit-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, Articles containing Japanese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2012, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012, Pages using Sister project links with wikidata namespace mismatch, Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata, Pages using Sister project links with default search, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. In Christianity the practical definition of love is summarised by Thomas Aquinas, who defined love as "to will the good of another," or to desire for another to succeed. Romantic love includes both intimacy and passion. In this, he argued directly against Confucians who believed that it was natural and correct for people to care about different people in different degrees. Rabbi David Wolpe writes that "love is not only about the feelings of the loverIt is when one person believes in another person and shows it." In Mandarin Chinese, (i) is often used as the equivalent of the Western concept of love. Sufism is often referred to as the religion of love. Though modern usage of koi focuses on sexual love and infatuation, the Many used the term to cover a wider range of situations, including tenderness, benevolence, and material desire. [8] In its various forms, love acts as a major facilitator of interpersonal relationships and, owing to its central psychological importance, is one of the most common themes in the creative arts. Eros helps the soul recall knowledge of beauty and contributes to an understanding of spiritual truth. Being perfectly in love with God or Krishna makes one perfectly free from material contamination. [54], Christian theologians see God as the source of love, which is mirrored in humans and their own loving relationships. Prior to Western influence, the term koi ( or ) generally represented romantic love, and was often the subject of the popular Man'ysh Japanese poetry collection. Fatuous love includes passion and commitment. His work states that three factors constitute love: attachment, caring, and intimacy.[28][29]. It has also been translated as "love of the soul. Krishna-prema is considered to make one drown in the ocean of transcendental ecstasy and pleasure. [17] This is an explanation of the Christian need to love others, including their enemies. This is quite different from ordinary love, which is usually about attachment and sex and which rarely occurs without self-interest. 
Unrequited love refers to those feelings of love that are not reciprocated. Ancient Greeks identified four forms of love: kinship or familiarity (in Greek, storge), friendship and/or platonic desire (philia), sexual and/or romantic desire (eros), and self-emptying or divine love (agape). [42] The third term, ren'ai (), is a more modern construction that combines the kanji characters for both ai and koi, though its usage more closely resembles that of koi in the form of romantic love. Love as a general expression of positive sentiment (a stronger form of like) is commonly contrasted with hate (or neutral apathy). [21], Evolutionary psychology has attempted to provide various reasons for love as a survival tool. Saint Augustine summarized this when he wrote "Love God, and do as thou wilt. The word agapo is the verb I love. What we really feel is reflected in what we do. [65], Advocates of free love had two strong beliefs: opposition to the idea of forceful sexual activity in a relationship and advocacy for a woman to use her body in any way that she pleases. The corresponding noun is amor (the significance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact, that the name of the city, Romein Latin: Romacan be viewed as an anagram for amor, which was used as the secret name of the City in wide circles in ancient times),[40] which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. In recent years, the sciences of psychology, anthropology, neuroscience, and biology have added to the understanding of the concept of love. He even says, "I was in love with love." The last form of love is sexual attraction and passion. Consequently, "I like you" (, W xhuan n) is a more common way of expressing affection in Mandarin; it is more playful and less serious. Commitment, on the other hand, is the expectation that the relationship is permanent. [23] Helen Fisher, an anthropologist and human behavior researcher, divides the experience of love into three partly overlapping stages: lust, attraction, and attachment. All forms of love are viewed as varying combinations of these three components. Biological models of sex tend to view love as a mammalian drive, much like hunger or thirst. narcissism). Psychologist Robert Sternberg formulated a triangular theory of love and argued that love has three different components: intimacy, commitment, and passion. Rumi, Hafiz,and Sa'di are icons of the passion and love that the Persian culture and language present. In Buddhism, Ai was seen as capable of being either selfish or selfless, the latter being a key element towards enlightenment. Some historians date modern conceptions of romantic love to courtly Europe during or after the Middle Ages, although the prior existence of romantic attachments is attested by ancient love poetry. Lastly, consummate love includes all three components. In Buddhism, Kma is sensuous, sexual love. The 20th-century rabbi Eliyahu Eliezer Dessler is frequently quoted as defining love from the Jewish point of view as "giving without expecting to take" (from his Michtav me-Eliyahu, Vol. Practitioners of Sufism believe that love is a projection of the essence of God to the universe. In contrast to kma, prema or prem refers to elevated love. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. The conventional view in biology is that there are two major drives in love: sexual attraction and attachment. [24], Lust is the initial passionate sexual desire that promotes mating, and involves the increased release of chemicals such as testosterone and estrogen. This view is represented in the works of Scott Peck, whose work in the field of applied psychology explored the definitions of love and evil. (1989). [64], Many people in the early 19th century believed that marriage was an important aspect of life to "fulfill earthly human happiness." Lust, according to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. [41] This is also true in Japanese (suki da, ). Love encompasses a range of strong and positive emotional and mental states, from the most sublime virtue or good habit, the deepest interpersonal affection, to the simplest pleasure. [51], Pope Francis taught that "True love is both loving and letting oneself be lovedwhat is important in love is not our loving, but allowing ourselves to be loved by God. Other terms such as Priya refers to innocent love, Prema refers to spiritual love, and Kama refers usually to sexual desire. In certain Vaishnava sects within Hinduism, attaining unadulterated, unconditional and incessant love for Godhead is considered the foremost goal of life. In Confucianism, one displays benevolent love by performing actions such as filial piety from children, kindness from parents, loyalty to the king and so forth. A world of wronged hypocrites needs forgiving love. Mosaic Law would hold Deuteronomy 22:22-24 "If a man is found lying with a woman married to a husband, then both of them shall diethe man that lay with the woman, and the woman; so you shall put away the evil from Israel. Xenia ( xena), hospitality, was an extremely important practice in ancient Greece. Love has therefore been seen as a mechanism to promote parental support of children for this extended time period. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. Karu is compassion and mercy, which reduces the suffering of others. It generally refers to a "pure," ideal type of love, rather than the physical attraction suggested by eros. This love is unconditional and requires considerable self-acceptance. The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, edited by David M. Buss, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005. Instead, in Buddhism it refers to detachment and unselfish interest in others' welfare. Bhakti is a Sanskrit term, meaning "loving devotion to the supreme God." But I tell you, love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you, that you may be children of your Father in heaven. The children of Adam are limbs of one body Since everything is a reflection of God, the school of Sufism practices seeing the beauty inside the apparently ugly. Following developments in electrical theories such as Coulomb's law, which showed that positive and negative charges attract, analogs in human life were developed, such as "opposites attract". The philosophical work Narada Bhakti Sutras, written by an unknown author (presumed to be Narada), distinguishes eleven forms of love. The Sciences, May/June, 22-27. There are also a number of psychological disorders related to love, such as erotomania. Love has additional religious or spiritual meaning. Middle-class Americans wanted the home to be a place of stability in an uncertain world. The Qur'an refers to God as being "full of loving kindness.". [6][7] It may also describe compassionate and affectionate actions towards other humans, one's self, or animals. Because "love" covers a wide range of emotions and behavioral phenomena, there are nuances distinguishing the three terms. Interpersonal love is most closely associated with Interpersonal relationships. However, due to the influence of Confucian (rn), the phrase (W i n, I love you) carries with it a very specific sense of responsibility, commitment and loyalty. Attachment is the bonding that promotes relationships lasting for many years and even decades. The other limbs cannot remain at rest. After the review of Christian doctrine, Augustine treats the problem of love in terms of use and enjoyment until the end of Book I of De Doctrina Christiana (1.22.211.40.44;). "[58], Love encompasses the Islamic view of life as universal brotherhood that applies to all who hold faith. However, there are some examples of agape used to mean the same as eros.
Hindu writers, theologians, and philosophers have distinguished nine forms of bhakti, which can be found in the Bhagavata Purana and works by Tulsidas. For example, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' "love" of their cause may sometimes be born not of interpersonal love but impersonal love, altruism, and strong spiritual or political convictions. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres. Do not even pagans do that? Rabbinic literature differs as to how this love can be developed, e.g., by contemplating divine deeds or witnessing the marvels of nature. am is the basic verb meaning I love, with the infinitive amare ("to love") as it still is in Italian today. Second, a gene in either parent may contain a harmful mutation, but in the progeny produced by sex reproduction, expression of a harmful mutation introduced by one parent is likely to be masked by expression of the unaffected homologous gene from the other parent.[34]. To love one's friends is common practice, to love one's enemies only among Christians. Infatuated love only includes passion. [citation needed] The Persian word for love is Ishq, which is derived from Arabic language; however, it is considered by most to be too stalwart a term for interpersonal love and is more commonly substituted for "doost dashtan" ("liking"). Lovers and philosophers are all inspired to seek truth by eros. Later in Chinese Buddhism, the term Ai () was adopted to refer to a passionate, caring love and was considered a fundamental desire. It can also mean "love of the mind.". "[38], Eros ( rs) (from the Greek deity Eros) is passionate love, with sensual desire and longing. Karuna is compassion and mercy, which impels one to help reduce the suffering of others. , W i n, or "I love you") and a noun (such as iqng, or "romantic love"). Gospel of Mark chapter 12, verses 2834). Latin sometimes uses amre where English would simply say to like. (John 3:1617, NIV) John also wrote, "Dear friends, let us love one another for love comes from God. [35][36] Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of romantic love. Although eros is initially felt for a person, with contemplation it becomes an appreciation of the beauty within that person, or even becomes appreciation of beauty itself. Finally, he does fall in love and is loved back, by God. This mentality created a vision of strongly defined gender roles, which provoked the advancement of the free love movement as a contrast. As for love between marital partners, this is deemed an essential ingredient to life: "See life with the wife you love" (Ecclesiastes 9:9). Psychologist Erich Fromm maintained in his book The Art of Loving that love is not merely a feeling but is also actions, and that in fact, the "feeling" of love is superficial in comparison to one's commitment to love via a series of loving actions over time. [21] Such love might exist between family members, friends, and couples. In the Bhakti tradition within Hinduism, it is believed that execution of devotional service to God leads to the development of Love for God (taiche bhakti-phale krsne prema upajaya), and as love for God increases in the heart, the more one becomes free from material contamination (krishna-prema asvada haile, bhava nasa paya). The love of Radha, a cowherd girl, for Krishna is often cited as the supreme example of love for Godhead by Gaudiya Vaishnavas. Scientific research on emotion has increased significantly over the past two decades. Many other languages use multiple words to express some of the different concepts that in English are denoted as "love"; one example is the plurality of Greek concepts for "love" (agape, eros, philia, storge) . Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia), which discusses the notion at some length. In the 20th century, the science of psychology has written a great deal on the subject. ||[48] [citation needed] In the Persian culture, everything is encompassed by love and all is for love, starting from loving friends and family, husbands and wives, and eventually reaching the divine love that is the ultimate goal in life. Some translations list it as "love of the body". This same root also produces amicus"friend"and amicitia, "friendship" (often based to mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to "indebtedness" or "influence"). Most commonly, love refers to a feeling of a strong attraction and emotional attachment. (Saint Augustine's Confessions), Augustine regards the duplex commandment of love in Matthew 22 as the heart of Christian faith and the interpretation of the Bible. Certainly, love is influenced by hormones (such as oxytocin), neurotrophins (such as NGF), and pheromones, and how people think and behave in love is influenced by their conceptions of love. It is complementary to wisdom and is necessary for enlightenment. [citation needed]. Empty love only includes commitment. Recent studies in neuroscience have indicated that as people fall in love, the brain consistently releases a certain set of chemicals, including the neurotransmitter hormones, dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, the same compounds released by amphetamine, stimulating the brain's pleasure center and leading to side effects such as increased heart rate, loss of appetite and sleep, and an intense feeling of excitement. The host fed and provided quarters for the guest, who was expected to repay only with gratitude. [10], Ancient Greek philosophers identified six forms of love: essentially, familial love (in Greek, Storge), friendly love or platonic love (Philia), romantic love (Eros), self-love (Philautia), guest love (Xenia), and divine love (Agape). vulnerability and care theory of love), including oneself (cf. St. Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, defines love as "to will the good of another. The color wheel theory of love defines three primary, three secondary and nine tertiary love styles, describing them in terms of the traditional color wheel. Regarding love for enemies, Jesus is quoted in the Gospel of Matthew: "You have heard that it was said, 'Love your neighbor and hate your enemy.' [30] In recent years, various human bonding theories have been developed, described in terms of attachments, ties, bonds, and affinities. For many Hindu schools, it is the third end (Kama) in life.
Philia is motivated by practical reasons; one or both of the parties benefit from the relationship. [59] God in Sufism is referred to in three main terms, which are the Lover, Loved, and Beloved, with the last of these terms being often seen in Sufi poetry. If a young woman who is a virgin is betrothed to a husband, and a man finds her in the city and lies with her, then you shall bring them both out to the gate of that city, and you shall stone them to death with stones, the young woman because she did not cry out in the city, and the man because he humbled his neighbor's wife; so you shall put away the evil from among you. "[50] The biblical book Song of Solomon is considered a romantically phrased metaphor of love between God and his people, but in its plain reading, reads like a love song. Are not even the tax collectors doing that? The word "love" can have a variety of related but distinct meanings in different contexts. The Greek word erota means in love. Some Western authorities disaggregate into two main components, the altruistic and the narcissistic. There in hymn 129, it states: | This notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by the terms placere or delectre, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus.
[25], Since the lust and attraction stages are both considered temporary, a third stage is needed to account for long-term relationships. Following the Meiji Restoration 1868, the term became associated with "love" in order to translate Western literature. [38], Philia ( phila), a dispassionate virtuous love, was a concept addressed and developed by Aristotle in his Nicomachean Ethics Book VIII. The love of man and womaneros in Greekand the unselfish love of others (agape), are often contrasted as "descending" and "ascending" love, respectively, but are ultimately the same thing.[51]. Kate Morris (2011), The Illustrated Dictionary of History. Chesed, often translated as loving-kindness, is used to describe many forms of love between human beings. This would favor monogamous relationships over polygamy.
Her example of love is considered to be beyond the understanding of material realm as it surpasses any form of selfish love or lust that is visible in the material world. Diligere often has the notion "to be affectionate for," "to esteem," and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. [14] Cultural differences in conceptualizing love thus doubly impede the establishment of a universal definition.[15]. Being absorbed in Love for God is considered to be the perfection of life. You are not worthy to be called by the name of "man". Robert E. Van Voorst, RELG: World, Wadsworth, This page was last edited on 12 July 2022, at 16:21. Liking only includes intimacy. Several common proverbs regard love, from Virgil's "Love conquers all" to The Beatles' "All You Need Is Love". Michod[34] has reviewed evidence that love, and consequently sexual reproduction, provides two major adaptive advantages. [42][43] The term ai (), which is often associated with maternal love[42] or selfless love,[43] originally referred to beauty and was often used in a religious context. The triangular theory of love suggests "intimacy, passion and commitment" are core components of love.
"[53], Saint Augustine wrote that one must be able to decipher the difference between love and lust. Love often involves caring for, or identifying with, a person or thing (cf. [16], The complex and abstract nature of love often reduces discourse of love to a thought-terminating clich. James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 1, Rosen Publishing, New York. If sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called paraphilia.[22]. Mozi tried to replace what he considered to be the long-entrenched Chinese over-attachment to family and clan structures with the concept of "universal love" (, jin'i). It is the activity of the greatest, and the source, of all the powers in the universe: God's."[56].
[1][2] An example of this range of meanings is that the love of a mother differs from the love of a spouse, which differs from the love for food. Although the nature or essence of love is a subject of frequent debate, different aspects of the word can be clarified by determining what isn't love (antonyms of "love"). It is a much more potent sentiment than a simple liking for a person. [44][45] However, the term also refers to any sensory enjoyment, emotional attraction and aesthetic pleasure such as from arts, dance, music, painting, sculpture and nature.[46][47]. When the calamity of time afflicts one limb If you have no sympathy for the troubles of others Humans are dependent on parental help for a large portion of their lifespans compared to other mammals. Attachment between adults is presumed to work on the same principles that lead an infant to become attached to its mother. The solution to one of evolutions greatest riddles. Greek distinguishes several different senses in which the word "love" is used. From this verb come amansa lover, amator, "professional lover," often with the accessory notion of lecheryand amica, "girlfriend" in the English sense, often being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. Lust is the feeling of sexual desire; romantic attraction determines what partners mates find attractive and pursue, conserving time and energy by choosing; and attachment involves sharing a home, parental duties, mutual defense, and in humans involves feelings of safety and security. For example, Book 10 of Rig Veda describes the creation of the universe from nothing by the great heat. Modern authors have distinguished further varieties of love: unrequited love, empty love, companionate love, consummate love, infatuated love, self-love, and courtly love. Advea and mett are benevolent love. As Thomas Aquinas explains, Christian love is motivated by the need to see others succeed in life, to be good people. According to Saint Augustine, to love God is "to attain the peace which is yours." Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God, because love with a human only allows for flaws such as "jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention." The free love movement's initial goal was to separate the state from sexual matters such as marriage, birth control, and adultery. They consider that Ka-prema is not a weapon, but it still pierces the heart. [9] Love has been postulated to be a function that keeps human beings together against menaces and to facilitate the continuation of the species. Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean "charitable love"; this meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. [31] In combination, love is an activity, not simply a feeling. However, in a few unusual and specific domains, such as immune systems, it seems that humans prefer others who are unlike themselves (e.g., with an orthogonal immune system), since this will lead to a baby that has the best of both worlds. He causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good, and sends rain on the righteous and the unrighteous. Radha is considered to be the internal potency of Krishna, and is the supreme lover of Godhead. "[57], Do not forget to love with forgiveness, Christ saved an adulterous woman from those who would stone her.
The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaning of "diligence" or "carefulness," and has little semantic overlap with the verb. Two philosophical underpinnings of love exist in the Chinese tradition, one from Confucianism which emphasized actions and duty while the other came from Mohism which championed a universal love. In this tradition, salvation or liberation is considered inferior to love, and just an incidental by-product. The Qur'an exhorts Muslim believers to treat all people, those who have not persecuted them, with birr or "deep kindness" as stated in Surah [ 6:8-9]. Michod, R.E. Plato refined his own definition. Benedict XVI named his first encyclical God is love.
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