The lack of sufficient environmental management tools (Novo and Daz, 2007) and the difficulty in establishing effective control mechanisms in a region as vast as the Guiana Highlands are serious challenges to adequate protection policies (Rull et al., 2016).

Current estimates based on the available databases and methods, such as the ARS and CEDM methods, are all that can currently be accomplished.

As the management of complex environmental affairs requires the same systematic, all-encompassing approach as any other organizational functions, the 1990s saw the development of formal environmental management systems (EMS). Copyright 2022 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Several such instruments have themselves been standardized under the 14000 family of standards of ISO. (2011) assessed the environmental impacts of the most common packaging options on the Spanish market for juice (aseptic cartons, glass, and HDPE bottles), beer (aluminum cans, glass, and HDPE bottles), and water (PET and glass bottles). In this context, manufacturers are asking for the CFP associated with the manufacture, distribution, and disposal of products provided to them such as packaging. Table 6. This may however depend on a closer linking with regulatory instruments, as shown by the experience in the Netherlands where the system of industry covenants has been accepted only because of the clear threat of government standards if industry did not itself make a binding commitment to voluntary targets (www.greenplans.rri.org). Jurgenne H. Primavera, Shing Yip Lee, in World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition), 2019. A review of environmental management tools was published by UNEP in 1995 (Hawken 2003), and while no longer complete in some respects, it still provides a good background overview. The 15-year Sendai Framework is the international communitys most comprehensive disaster risk-reduction blueprint to date, and was the first building block of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Protected area frameworks like the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, UNESCO World Heritage Convention, and the UNESCO Man and Biosphere Program can increase the prestige and international profile of a specific site (Van Lavieren et al., 2012).

dashboard tableau bord entreprise stratgie plan action approach One is that LCAs are not able to assess the actual environmental effects of emissions and wastes from the product or package because the actual effects depend on when, where, and how they are released into the environment. In the case of FR chemicals and nanomaterials, the following stages should be taken into account: Synthesis/Production: Considering the wide variety of FR chemicals existing today, there cannot be any generalization. The stability and shelf life of the packed final product is also an important consideration. Robertson, in Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, 2014. This includes not only direct inputs and outputs for production, distribution, use, and final disposal, but also indirect inputs and outputs (e.g. In 2015, 193 countries adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and associated SDGs. Refrigeration of the drink at retailers increased global warming potential (GWP) by up to 33%. The SPC claims quite correctly that their criteria blend broad sustainability objectives with business considerations and strategies that address the environmental concerns related to the life cycle of packaging and the activities of the SPC membership. The range of environmental management tools is now quite large, and often demands specialist skills and working experience in its application. Some more recent instruments devised by industry include the International Cyanide Management Code which links producers, transporters and users of cyanide in the mining sector (www.cyanidecode.org), the Equator Principles in the banking sector (www.equator-principles.com), and the sustainability vision of the palm oil industry in Southeast Asia (www.sustainable-palmoil.org). In addition to the remoteness and low accessibility of the Guiana Highlands, a recurrent obstacle to a sound assessment of the plant species and communities threatened with extinction by habitat loss is the difficulty in obtaining fieldwork and sampling permits. Ninety grab wastewater samples were collected daily for 3 months (April, August and October 2010) at the inlets and outlets of the maturation pond, HSSFCW and fish pond. Upstream preventive work relies heavily on influencing corporate and consumer behavior. Such codes are not self-regulation as sometimes claimed by both proponents and detractors. T.A. The greater sophistication of environmental management instruments has resulted in further reflection on their relationship with environmental regulations, both traditional and the more recent performance-based variants.

Since the beginning of the 1990s a large increase in the development of methodologies and applications of LCA has taken place. Deploying ecosystem protection as a means to curb the impact of hazards is the key goal of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, adopted in 2015. A basic list of useful instruments is shown in the table below. This information can be used with other factors, such as cost and performance data, to select a package or process. Results of the LCA are often used for process optimization. The increase in heat leads to the combustion of the remaining material, and a combustion cycle is produced. Carrying out an LCA of FR chemicals allows one to have a global knowledge of its environmental performance in all life cycle stages. The production of different packaging materials and sizes was evaluated, together with their method of final disposal (landfilling, incineration, and recycling). On the other hand, specific protocols and rules are needed, at least at national level, to protect geoheritage or to compensate losses. The European Organization for Packaging and the Environment (Europen) believes it makes much more sense to talk about packaging and sustainability rather than sustainable packaging, which in the view of its members cannot be an end in itself. The system boundary was from cradle to grave and the different packages considered were glass bottles (750ml), aluminum cans (330ml), and PET bottles (500ml and 2l). Protocols for other instruments such as reporting (a requirement in most EMS) were also developed under other frameworks such as GRI (www.globalreporting.org). business input output process analysis diagram basic tools management learning outputs tool concept guidelines services secondary effects mapping very forms Type II (regulated by ISO 14021). Therefore, the existing impact assessment methods and databases of LCA methodologies should be adapted in order to include specific and new data of the potential impacts of FR nanomaterials on the environment and HH. A life cycle approach avoids shifting environmental burdens between life cycle phases. This information is given by one or more organizations, based on an independent certification of LCA data, life cycle record analysis, or information modules (according to ISO 14040), using deliberate parameters, which is all controlled by a program manager (ISO, 2006b). In addition, many ecolabels and environmental product declarations (EPD) are also based on LCA results. The distinction between different types of LCA, each with a different aim or application area, substantially reduces some of the persistent methodological problems in the LCI analysis. It should be noted that such codes can only be considered as (collective) management tools when they are accompanied by a formal action program to ensure application. The wide range of initiatives that have been developed in the past 20 years and are still being developed have demonstrated a worldwide increasing commitment at policy level for the protection and management of geoheritage.

Notwithstanding the limitations described above, LCA can be a very useful tool in two major areas. A range of specific measures could be recommended to strengthen EIA systems and to include geoheritage in EIA procedures. FRs can take part in different phases of the combustion cycle, such as heating, decomposition, and smoke process. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. World Seas: an Environmental Evaluation (Second Edition), International Frameworks for Environmental Solutions. All necessary inputs and outputs in many stages and operations of the life cycle are considered to be within the system boundaries. Pasqualino et al. Recently, Amienyo et al. End of life: After a fire, the materials containing FR chemicals and the FR chemical itself should be recycled or disposed safely. The cradle-to-grave approach can help ensure that all environmental and human consequences (including social concerns) are taken into account. There is no industry consensus as to what constitutes sustainable packaging and the debate has been dominated by a narrow focus on reducing packaging weight and arguments around whether one material is more or less sustainable than another. The applicability depends greatly on the model of the process that has been adopted at the beginning of the study, which is frequently too simplified, without considering the complexities and uncertainties of natural sciences. ISO 14 001. Fires are a common cause of harm to people and property and also generate a host of acute and chronic pollutants, including acid gases and persistent organic pollutants. Blue Carbon is currently referenced in the NDCs of 28 countries, either in the context of mitigating/offsetting climate change emissions, or adapting to climate change impacts (Herr & Landis, 2016). All this has aroused the interest in this environmental management tool, mainly due to its potential value for conducting studies aimed at preventing environmental pollution, rather than remedying it. Methodology for Testing the Life Cycle Sustainability of Flame Retardant Chemicals and Nanomaterials, Labels and environmentally related declarations are, Development and applicability of life cycle impact assessment methodologies, Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment for Decision-Making, Engineering Perspectives in Biotechnology, Comprehensive Biotechnology (Third Edition), Geoheritage and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Ecological Modelling and Engineering of Lakes and Wetlands, This research developed and modeled an integrated wastewater treatment plant (IWTP) consisting of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs), horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCWs) and a fish pond in Tanzania. LCA is an environmental management tool that attempts to consider the resource and energy use, as well as the environmental impacts, over the entire life cycle of a package, product, or service from extraction of the raw materials through manufacture/conversion, distribution and use, to recovery or disposal. First of all, it is important to have good quality and complete geoheritage inventories in which it should be possible to obtain all information about geoheritage in a region and data needed to analyse quantitatively how an activity could modify the qualities of a site.

Within the framework of EIA, the most important questions to answer are how to express impacts on geosites in significant terms and how to integrate them with the impacts on other elements of the environment (water, fauna, flora, etc.).

According to ISO 14040 [13], LCA is defined as. Two functional units were considered: 1l of packaged drink and total annual production of carbonated drinks. The ingredients accounted for 714% (mainly due to sugar) and the manufacturing stage contributed 510%, largely due to the energy for filling and packaging. It is noteworthy that a network of shared information and experience has promoted LCA development. Environmental management tools are thus designed to exert an influence on organizational structures, procedures and practices. Here the label includes self-declarations by manufacturers, importers, distributors, sellers, or anyone benefitting from the label. A recent and forward-looking compilation (Fssler 2004) was prepared by the Global Compact and WBCSD; however, this is not available online at presen. Third, LCA is a useful tool for assessing waste management options and planning integrated solid waste management systems on a case-by-case and regional basis.

However, the concept of sustainable packaging is more complex, and what may be the most sustainable solution for one product or particular market might not be the same elsewhere (Robertson, 2009). With increasing international emphasis on Blue Carbon stocks, mangroves have very recently been included in global climate change negotiations, for example, Article 5 of the recent United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Paris Agreement. Use/Fire: It is quite possible that during the combustion of a material, it disintegrates due to the generated heat and emits gases. However, as highlighted in this chapter, the consideration of geoheritage within EIAs is far from being good quality and consistent at present. Also, it is needed to know whether the material or the FR chemical itself emits toxic gases. This chain reaction is repeated until the material totally disappears. The huge amount of detailed data required for completing a full LCA can discourage some practitioners from using LCA as a decision-making support tool. EMS and EMAS are not stand-alone exercisesthey represent that part of the normal management system of an organization that intends to deal with environmental issues. In this context, there is great interest in developing alternatives of halogenated FRs, and many new FR products containing nanoparticles are being developed. Despite the increasing popularity of LCAs among both industry and governments, the technique does have significant limitations, which are often overlooked. The samples were analyzed in a water quality laboratory for BOD5, TKN, Org-N, NH3-N, NO3-N, NO2-N, Chlorophyll-a, N-Sediments, N-Plants, N-Fish, TSS, turbidity and faecal coliforms using Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA, 2005). Thus a number of codes go considerably further than simply advocating legal compliance by advocating corporate environmental responsibilities and targets in line with contemporary civil society expectations. The lack of sufficient. Mbwette, in Developments in Environmental Modelling, 2014. The holistic approach of LCA, one of its main strengths, is also a cause of complexity. Thus, S-LCA comes up, which focuses on the social impact of human activities.

The aim was to develop a working model for the fish pond and join it with WSPs and HSSFCWs to form a chain of models that can work together as an environmental management tool. Sustainable business practices integrate environmental concerns with social and economic ones. MEAs can be used as environmental management tools and can apply and strengthen management approaches like the Protected Areas Frameworks, National Adaptation Programs of Action, and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Section D). Thus an LCA makes it possible to isolate the stages in the life cycle of a process or product that make the most significant contribution to its environmental impacts. Furthermore, LCA can help to implement manufacturer strategies, identify opportunities, and to improve the environmental aspects of FRs along its life cycle. The SPC members believe that by successfully addressing these criteria, packaging can be transformed into a closed loop of packaging materials in a system that is economically robust and provides benefits throughout the life cycle a sustainable packaging system.

Depending on the nature of the FR chemical to be analyzed, the LCA strategy should be adopted starting from its raw materials, synthesis, functionalization, and final industrial production. Several upstream action tools are much more management focused, such as environmental (life-cycle) supply-chain management, product service systems, green procurement and so on. One useful tool to compare different packages and assist in the development of more sustainable packaging is life cycle assessment (LCA). It is now accepted that sustainability has three dimensions or pillars: economic, environmental, and social. The life cycle assessment (LCA) of conventional FR chemicals is well discussed in the literature, but little information is available on nanomaterials, so this chapter will focus more on FR nanomaterials. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/emas/index_en.htm, http://www.uneptie.org/pc/pc/tools/index.htm, www.uneptie.org/Outreach/vi/pub_codes.htm, Encyclopedia of Agriculture and Food Systems, http://www.sustainablepackaging.org/content/?type=5&id=definition-of-sustainable-packaging. This represented 13% of the GHG emissions from the whole food and drink sector or 0.26% of the UK total emissions in 2010. MEAs relevant to mangrove conservation offer an opportunity to strengthen management, provide a common approach to environmental policy issues, and present some level of protection, at least on paper (Van Lavieren et al., 2012). G.L. Marta Escamilla, Roshan Paul, in Polymer Green Flame Retardants, 2014. Irene, T.S.A. It is sometimes referred to as cradle to grave analysis and typically compares two or more products that provide the same function or equivalent use. Common Environmental Management Tools. MEAs can be used as environmental management tools and can apply and strengthen management approaches like the Protected Areas Frameworks, National Adaptation Programs of Action, and Integrated Coastal Zone Management (Section D). The role of mangroves in Disaster Risk Reduction has been widely acknowledged. For instance environmental audit and assessment procedures are designed to provide managers with the information needed for quality decision-making. This research developed and modeled an integrated wastewater treatment plant (IWTP) consisting of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs), horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSFCWs) and a fish pond in Tanzania. The standardization of these three types of eco-labels allows a greater understanding by users of the technical concepts of the products, making labeling more robust and reliable, and avoiding the confusion generated with general environmental labeling (Ruiz-Mndez and Gereca, 2019). Temperature, DO and pH were measured in situ using a spectrophotometer (model 156, 2001). A new approach is required in order to integrate financial, environmental, resource, and toxicological considerations into a single analysis. Environmental profiles for the different life cycle stages of beverages. These gases are flammable and react with the oxygen present in the air and generate an increase in heat andadditional combustion wastes. Adriana Laca, Mario Daz, in Comprehensive Biotechnology (Third Edition), 2019. Currently, visits to most of the tepuis are prohibited, and scientific surveys, especially those related to genetic studies, are subject to serious restrictions to prevent biopiracy (Rull and Vegas-Vilarrbia, 2008). But there is a lack of knowledge regarding the environmental and HH impacts of these FR nanomaterials. In general terms, the LCA detects the hot spots in the whole life cycle and carries out environmental comparison of different actions that can improve the environmentally friendly nature of the production and use of chemicals. Nevertheless, one of the most important limitations in the application of LCA for decision-making from an environmental perspective is the limited inclusion of cost and investment considerations. The core of the concept is to calculate some specific sustainability indicators based on LCA.4 This can help to define the relevant contributions to support strategic decision-making. Available at: http://www.sustainablepackaging.org/content/?type=5&id=definition-of-sustainable-packaging (accessed 29.10.13). The quality and availability of data influence the results significantly. These three dimensions are also referred to as the triple bottom line or profits, planet, and people. ), boron (boric acids, borates, carboranes, etc. The label provides quantified environmental information on the products life cycle which makes it possible to compare products with the same functions as well as carry out an LCA for the products of the same group (UNEP, 2015). Designation may also facilitate a degree of (financial and technical) support and collaboration (Spalding et al., 2010). Another is that LCAs take no account of economic factors such as the costs of raw materials, manufacturing, transport, and recovery or disposal. How can the food industry expect the public to understand what it is doing to become more sustainable when the language and metrics are so confusing? Understanding these emissions, and where they come from, is necessary to reduce them. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. LCA is a relatively new environmental management tool, and advances continue to be made. The codes are a supplement, not a replacement, to legal obligations, and are unworkable in the absence of clear policy frameworks and targets by the authorities. Source: OEF Online www.oilandgasforum.net/oefonline and others. See for example: UNEP Environmental Management Tools (http://www.uneptie.org/pc/pc/tools/index.htm), The Environmental Management Navigator (www.em-navigator.net), A managers guide for the oil industry (http://www.oilandgasforum.net/oefonline), A range of corporate tools and approaches (http://www.gemi.org/docs/PubTools.htm). Under these conditions, the use of remote sensing techniques would be useful, especially those involving radiation measurements related to ecophysiological features, such as energy balance or photosynthesis (Jones et al., 2003). It is intended as a target vision for companies to strive toward through continuous improvement and will evolve over time with new materials and technologies, leading to more sustainable packaging systems. The US-based Sustainable Packaging Coalition (SPC) defined sustainable packaging by listing eight criteria that relate to the activities of the packaging value chain and defined the areas in which they actively seek to encourage transformation, innovation, and optimization; the latest version is presented in Table 5. Transport contributed up to 7% of the total impacts.

There is scope to increase this to more countries in the future NDCs. Section 5.4 introduces the difference and similarity between LCA and S-LCA, while Section 5.5 looks at the theory, the practice, and the existing problems of the LCSA, along with a summary of three life cycle assessment methods. Of the 17 proposed SDGs to be attained by 2030, SDG 14 (conserve and promote sustainable use of oceans, seas, and marine resources) reflects most clearly the importance of restoring and protecting mangroves, helping to mainstream mangroves into discussions of global poverty eradication and development. In the LCA analysis, inputs (resources) and outputs (emissions) are collected at each stage, in order to aggregate them over the life cycle, and then convert into the corresponding potential impacts on the environment. Beln Payn-Snchez, M. Mar Serrano-Arcos, in Sustainable Resource Management, 2021, Labels and environmentally related declarations are environmental management tools providing information about the environmental attributes or characteristics of products or services offered by the firm (ISO, 2000), rather than performance qualifications. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Transport: The second important parameter to be considered is the packaging, storage, and transportation to end users. Table 1.5. The aim was to develop a working model for the fish pond and join it with WSPs and HSSFCWs to form a chain of models that can work together as an, Rull and Vegas-Vilarrbia, 2008; Rull et al., 2008, ), but the situation has not changed. The carbon footprint and energy consumption of beverage packaging selection and disposal. On this sense, the international conferences on Life Cycle Management play a key role. Most of these FR chemicals and also the halogenated ones have undesirable health and environmental effects. However, reusing glass bottles three times would make the CFP of the drink in glass bottles comparable to that in aluminum cans and 500ml PET bottles. The use of EIA procedures can undoubtedly be considered a powerful anticipatory environmental management tool. The main difficulties are related to the LCA methodological approach, especially data quality and collection (such as the choice between average and marginal data or allocation problems), definition of the system, time boundaries, and process modeling. With a more extensive and rigorous follow-up implementation of voluntary codes they may at some future time take their place among the formal groups of management instruments accepted by society at large. Valent Rull, Teresa Vegas-Vilarrbia, in Biodiversity of Pantepui, 2019. FRs can act physically as a protective layer or chemically in two different phases: the condensed phase and the vapor (or gas) phase. As an example, tax reductions for biofuels and efficient cars were based on results of LCA studies.

However, other SDGs (e.g., 1, 2) also apply to, and influence, mangroves most directly. LCA is a tool for the systematic evaluation of the environmental aspects of a product, and its main objective is to identify which materials pose greater impacts, where these impacts occur in the chemical life cycle, and their impact on environment and human health (HH). The study followed the ISO 14040/44 LCA methodology. The timing aspect is often critical in including or excluding some effects of the systems under analysis. The LCA is an environmental management tool used to assess the environmental impacts of a product over the entire life cycle, from the cradle to the grave. If recycling of PET bottles increased to 60% (currently 24%), the glass bottle would need to be reused 20 times to make their CFPs comparable.

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