By the late 1930s, prosperity was returning, and records and radio were extremely helpful in publicizing jazz. Swing music began appearing in the early 1930s and was distinguished by a more supple feel than the more literal 44 of early jazz. 1560 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<10C156E632F2BA46ADA9AD0651C7900F><95985AC68A5B3B44A7FED2E54018B539>]/Index[1554 17]/Info 1553 0 R/Length 52/Prev 145355/Root 1555 0 R/Size 1571/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream However, its so large that its most often placed upright next to the bassist when its being played. Transcontinental trips often required a stop in one of these cities. II era. the 1930s, famed jazz pianists Edward "Duke" highly improvisatory style called Bebop, Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. Packed with Ph.D.s, this scientific swing band performs a play list that leans heavily toward the heavens. Count Basies music contains lively rhythms, economic piano style, and a relaxed swing sound. and Benny Goodman (who took jazz to Hollywood in the mid-1930s). have emerged: "Free jazz" (a "random" loosely-structured In KC Jazz marked the transition from the heavily structured, arranged and written out Big Band style of Swing to the more fluid and improvisation style of Bebop. Henderson was a pianist and excellent arranger who wrote most of the musical arrangements that helped launch the success of Benny Goodmans orchestra. Although 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this Another interesting and important development happened with Swing improvisation. Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. Big bands uplifted morale during World War II. A cheap & cheerful collection of up-tempo sax, trumpet and trombone funky licks featuring over 350 ensemble phrases, solos, trills and stabs for house, disco, electro-swing and quirky big-band-infused electronica. Many arrangements contain an interlude, often similar in content to the introduction, inserted between some or all choruses. A general format emerged from the creation of a swing jazz arrangement. [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. Swing grew out of New Orleans Jazz and the evolved into Bebop. basic chord progression of a 12-bar blues in the key of "C". The Big Bands of swing were only able to acquire one-night stand performances and consequently suffered financially. By the 1930s, these and other cities became major centers for the development of the swing style. IMPORTANT MUSICIANS: Louis Armstrong (cornet/trumpet), Bix Beiderbecke (cornet), Jelly Roll Morton (piano/composer), Sidney Bechet (soprano sax, clarinet), Earl "Fatha" Hines (piano) Swing/Big Band Era (1930-1945) The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young. New York was an important geographic area for the developments leading toward the swing style of jazz. The instrumental lineup of a big band will vary from ensemble to ensemble, but is typically composed of around 17 musicians, divided into four sections: five saxophones; four trombones; four trumpets; a rhythm section of piano, double bass and drums; Common additions might include guitar, french horn, tuba or a vocalist. Guiding Principals. And they played dance music. Unit 5 [9] During the 1940s, somewhat smaller configurations of the big band emerged in the form of the "rhythm sextet". Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. In addition, Miller had a radio program and made motion pictures. performing at the same time. YouTube clip with basic piano chords, click here to see a YouTube For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. Bassists generally assumed the role of timekeeper, while drummers functioned in a dual capacity. harmony, structure and instrumentation. [21] Bandleaders are typically performers who assemble musicians to form an ensemble of various sizes, select or create material for them, shape the musics dynamics, phrasing, and expression in rehearsals, and lead the group in performance often while playing alongside them. (5) tromboneJoe Nanton, and (6) clarinetBarney Bigard. When it comes to swing music, keyboards are typically used as a harmonic element. Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. George GERSHWIN (1898-1937): Rhapsody Chapter Six: "In the Mood": the Swing Era, 1935-1945 In the mid-1930s and early 1940s, There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. Hickman's arranger, Ferde Grof, wrote arrangements in which he divided the jazz orchestra into sections that combined in various ways. . [20] Arrangers frequently notate all or most of the score of a given number, usually referred to as a "chart". of jazz Whether your event needs a small ensemble or a full big band sound, we have the professionalism and class needed for functions requiring real live music! Modern big bands can be found playing all styles of jazz music. Many bands from the swing era continued for decades after the death or departure of their founders and namesakes, and some are still active in the 21st century, often referred to as "ghost bands", a term attributed to Woody Herman, referring to orchestras that persist in the absence of their original leaders. (1937). grooves), - The latter included blues, ballads, novelty songs, and Broadway tunes. clarinetist Benny GOODMAN and Ellington recorded this Kansas City, in particular, became a wide-open town totally ingrained in the entertainment business. endstream endobj 1558 0 obj <>stream The bands led by Helen Lewis, Ben Bernie, and Roger Wolfe Kahn's band were filmed by Lee de Forest in his Phonofilm sound-on-film process in 1925, in three short films which are in the Library of Congress film collection. Most swing was performed by Big Bands, which were literally big bands, divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section consisting mostly of drums, bass, guitar, and piano. Hammond, John. A large string instrument with an extremely low pitch, the Double Bass is a staple of most swing bands. Count Basie played a relaxed, propulsive swing, Bob Crosby (brother of Bing), more of a dixieland style,[39] Benny Goodman a hard driving swing, and Duke Ellington's compositions were varied and sophisticated. here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation). Carnegie Halls interactive Timeline of African American Music is dedicated to the loving memory of the late soprano and recitalist Jessye Norman. saxophonist Gerry MULLIGAN (of the Gerry Mulligan Quartet It was mostly performed by Big Bands, which were large orchestras divided into trumpets, saxophones, trombones, and a rhythm section (which consisted of the drums, bass, guitar and piano). Big bands generally have four sections: trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and a rhythm section of guitar, piano, double bass, and drums. He was the recipient of a Fulbright Lecturing/Research Fellowship in Japan, where he taught courses in African American History and researched the history of jazz in Japan. of American jazz. She arranged music for dozens of leading swing bands including those of Duke Ellington, Dizzy Gillespie, and Benny Goodman. The Dorsey Brothers started with a large-band version of Dixieland featuring singer Bob Crosby who later developed his own band. grooves, click 1U^ p(s XA@H:@!+H30q:pYL4#9 S such works incorporate certain elements of the jazz tradition, there is not even [14][12][13] [15][16][17][18], Twenty-first century big bands can be considerably larger than their predecessors, exceeding 20 players, with some European bands using 29 instruments and some reaching 50. From three to five plyers on each instrument might be used. early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the . Big Band Arranging | 2 | Getting Started Evan Rogers | Orchestrator How relevant do you believe the poem is today? The lyrics kept within these traditions. The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. Survey of Jazz Midterm 2 Flashcards - Cram.com :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. (Click on the titles of the pieces orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white clip on the basic jazz rhythm section. The Henderson band is considerably larger than most syncopated dance bands of the 1920s (eight or nine musicians). And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. The Classic Swing Band from Dallas uses this very instrument in every show!! Some bands, like those of Duke Ellington, Count Basie, and Woody Herman, that performed in the 1920s, 1930s, or 1940s continued to perform successfully into the 1970s and 1980s. Other methods of embellishing the form include modulations and cadential extensions. Explain your opinion in a book review. trumpet. City. From Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. Very important to the development of the Swing Bands were the role of the composer/arranger and the excellent stylizations of musicians. They used their voices as instruments to demonstrate their command of scat singing. A. Rolfe, Anna Mae Winburn, and Ina Ray Hutton.[35]. Big bands started as accompaniment for dancing. Here are the five most common swing band instruments, and how they commonly fit into swing music. In the late 1960s, Jazz trumpeter Miles Since theyre built of brass, saxophones tend to produce a trumpet-like buzzing sound. Progressive bands were led by Dizzy Gillespie, Gil Evans, Carla Bley, Toshiko Akiyoshi and Lew Tabackin, Don Ellis, and Anthony Braxton. Beacon, 2002. Many musicians served in the military and toured with USO troupes at the front, with Glenn Miller losing his life while traveling between shows. Tenor saxophonist Lester Young (19091959) had a different approach than Hawkins and used a lighter tone. The group emphasized correct technique and accurate playing and released its first recording in 1930. PDF Chapter Six: "In the Mood": the Swing Era, 1935-1945 The International Sweethearts of Rhythm, the first multiethnic all-female swing band, formed in 1937 at Piney Woods County Life School, Mississippi. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. In New Orleans, black This would go back and forth a number of times. sprouted up in different parts of the United States, and their uniquely Big bands maintained a presence on American television, particularly through the late-night talk show, which has historically used big bands as house accompaniment. Check them out, though Im sure you would already recognise many of them. harmony. Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. The popularity of their bands in the mainstream reveals the extent to which jazz and blues had become the most popular dance music of the 1930s and 1940s. The most basic element of a song is also one of the most important a good rhythm. sense means to merge styles together. Instead of just embellishing the melody, he created a whole new melody based on the songs harmony by arpeggiating the chords and adding further chord alterations and substitutions to make his solo more complex. Swing music was performed by a larger ensemble consisting of saxophones (sometimes also clarinets), trumpets, and trombones. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. By this time the big band was such a dominant force in jazz that the older generation found they either had to adapt to it or simply retire. Lester Young & Herschel Evans. West Side Story. His music was a combination of solo and ensemble playing. From In 1927, he taught music at Manassas High School in Memphis and organized a student jazz band. All the big bands would go up there. characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, Theyre noticeable, but not overwhelming. They established independent patterns for the trumpets, trombones, saxophones, and the rhythm section within segments of the arrangement that featured improvised solos. Up until that time, it was viewed with ridicule and looked upon as a curiosity. [33] During the 1930s, Count Basie's band often used head arrangements, as Basie said, "we just sort of start it off and the others fall in. Big bands of today are not all from an earlier era. From the late 1930s through the 1950s, Duke Ellington was one of the premier swing band leaders in America. In Kansas City, Bennie Motens and Count Basies bands had begun developing a looser type of big band arrangement that allowed for freer styles of soloing, giving rise to a unique Kansas City swing style in the 1930s. jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. 20th-century popular music and culture. The 194244 musicians' strike worsened the situation. - The ANDREWS SISTERS: The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy In the 1940s, an intensely virtuosic and [47] In Kansas City and across the Southwest, an earthier, bluesier style was developed by such bandleaders as Bennie Moten and, later, by Jay McShann and Jesse Stone. [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. He created his band as a vehicle for his compositions. While the trumpet is commonly featured in a swing band, a saxophone is also often used to enhance melodies. One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. (Click %PDF-1.5 % Duke Ellington (18991974) proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest level. And after years of economic depression, many Americans wanted to have fun. Bandleaders dealt with these obstacles through rigid discipline (Glenn Miller) and canny psychology (Duke Ellington). progression and the same number of measures/beats, but it may be applied to This exact format is employed today by the many high school and college jazz ensembles around the country as well as overseas. The dance duo Vernon and Irene Castle popularized the foxtrot while accompanied by the Europe Society Orchestra led by James Reese Europe. This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. Beginning of the Swing Era - highered.mheducation.com ragtime a) Henderson's big band comprises five brass instruments (three trumpets and two trombones), four reed instruments (saxophones and clarinets), and a rhythm section consisting of piano, bass, early style of "Hot Jazz" made its way north to Chicago and east to Art-music composer/conductor Leonard They danced to recordings and the radio and attended live concerts. In the hundreds of different melodies. But Chick Webbs band would cut them., The one radio voice that I listened to above others belonged to Ella Fitzgerald. But you also need to inject your style and personality into the music you make. All Jazz styles have two common features: - daring arrangements of classic jazz tunes. collectively . Hot Swing (people like Duke Ellington) was more daring, experimental, faster, with longer improvisations, stronger rhythmic drive, and a rough blues feeling. (click Ellington allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions. Glenn Miller used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification. has complex syncopated polyrhythms, (3) expressive "blue" (bent Cool Jazz an improvisation: melody, harmony, and form. Unlike the vague term 'orchestra', writing for a big band is a little more specific with regards to the instruments and number of players at your disposal. Don Ellis, an excellent trumpet player and drummer, is influenced by music from India. In contrast to the typical jazz emphasis on improvisation, big bands relied on written compositions and arrangements. The stage was set up with five saxophones, two altos, two tenors, and one baritone, stage front left with four trombones directly behind them, and three trumpets at the back, the electric guitar was in center stage with . Count Basie's saxophone section included. The first chorus of an arrangement introduces the melody and is followed by choruses of development. intricate fast rhythms and tremendous Whiteman started his first band in San Francisco in 1918 and his fame spread into the 1920s. (String Bass or Electric Bass), plucked with the fingers, often providing a Beacon, 2006. Since keyboards are essentially advanced incarnations of pianos, they can be used to quietly accompany the rhythm section of a swing band or to play a quiet harmony. Many musical styles contributed to its birth. They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. on the chart below to go to that interactive webpage). During the "Roaring "C" Jam Blues (1942). in its strictest here to see a YouTube clip on jazz improvisation, click here to see animated After 1935, big bands rose to prominence playing swing music and held a major role in defining swing as a distinctive style. So generally the pianist played very rhythmically, and helped keep the beat. [27] Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. Louis Blues, but by the late 1930s, with the migration of Cubans and Puerto Ricans to New York City, Afro-Cuban music emerged along with new dances, such as the rhumba. Gloria Parker had a radio program on which she conducted the largest all-girl orchestra led by a female. Professor Daniels book publications include Lester Leaps In: The Life and Times of Lester Pres Young (Beacon, 2002); Pioneer Urbanites: A Social and Cultural History of Black San Francisco; and One Oclock Jump: The Unforgettable History of the Oklahoma City Blue Devils (Beacon Press, 2006). freedom vs. chaos. instruments (one or more: Piano, For the trumpet and trombone players, the most common configuration is 2-1-3-4, from the director's . Characteristics of Music: Swing | The Music Studio Swing bands featured orchestras with sections of trumpets, saxophones, and _________________. 1570 0 obj <>stream endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream