Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Abstract. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). Sanskrit is a Indo-Aryan part of the Indo-European dialects. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. [27], He was the seventh ruler of the Shah Mir Dynasty, and reigned between 1413 and 1420. elsewhere. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. He was known for his religious tolerance. It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. Total loading time: 0 After a young son of Yashaskara, Pravaragupta, a Divira (clerk), became king. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Murdered by Radda. Check ' ' translations into Persian. Verse 15. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBalochRafiq1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchimmel1980 (, Last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00, Baharistan-i-Shahi Chapter 3 EARLY SHAHMIRS, "Buddhism and Islam in Kashmir as Represented by Rjataragi Authors", "This book claims to expose the myths behind Kashmir's history. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. Established the city of. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. In that officials, Abdul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). He called back the Hindus who left Kashmir during his father's reign. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. He is most remembered for his Advaita Vedantist text, the Dasbodh. How long is MOT certificate normally valid? 10-year-old child of Nirjitavarman; placed on throne by the Tantrins. Called "the blind" because of his small eyes. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. orders. It was translated into Persian by the orders of the later Muslim ruler Zain-ul-Abidin. Omissions? The polar ends of the subcontinent that these two regions represent have been lyrically evoked in the familiar poetic description of himavatsethuparyanthaam. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of After the Utpala dynasty, a Yashaskara became king (V.469). It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. "useRatesEcommerce": false Verse 13. The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. In principle, it is for three reasons, specifically, the texts regard to sequence, causation, and (affirmed) objectivity, that European Orientalist researchers who concentrated on the text from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, called the Rajatarangini the solo work of history legitimate to rise out of old India. Ramdas was a devotee of Hanuman and Rama. His son Jayendra was followed by Samdhimati-Aryaraja (34 BCE-17 CE) who had the soul of Jayendra's minister Sandhimati. Translate poyu ta from Persian to Tagalog - MyMemory He erected a monument at. Son of Sukhavarman. Sandhimati was selected by the citizens as the new ruler. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. Zianu-l Abidin of Kashmir deputed the famous Sanskrit scholar Jonaraja and Srivara for the completion of Rajatarangini to bring the history of Kashmir up-to-date. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. He was a great-grandson of a Viradeva, a Kutumbi (V.469). The Tusharas did not give a fight but fled to the mountain ranges leaving their horses in the battle field. Rajatarangini - Wikipedia View all Google Scholar citations Was this answer helpful? Kalhana's account closes in the 22nd year of his reign. But with a small army, he fought and defeated the whole army of Kashgar. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Nothing is known about his origin. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continuation of Kalhanas Rjataragin and brings the annal of the rulers of Kashmir proper right down to the hour of the creators supporter Zain-ul-Abidin. The real power lay in the hands of a noble named Gargachandra. Abu l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state Next Sultan of Kashmir was Haji Khan, who succeeded his father Zain-ul-Abidin and took the title of Haidar Khan.[30]. [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. He was the ruler of Kashmir and the founder of the Shah Mir dynasty. Despite these stated principles, Kalhana's work is also full of legends and inconsistencies (see Historical reliability below). The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". . After that, the English translation appeared under the aegis of the Asiatic Society in 1835 and the French translation in 1852. Is domestic violence against men Recognised in India? Gopikrishna Shastri (Ujjain) also translated the work into. [citation needed], He was the next Sultan of Kashmir. It is the 25th most populated city in India, located on the banks of River Vaigai. Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Verse 14. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dialects were subtle there from the northwest inside the overdue Bronze Ag. Who translated Ramayana into Persian? - Vedantu Hari Parbat is visible in the background. Verse 15. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Son of Sangramapida II. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Badauni translated into Persian at Akbars Explanation: In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. The broad valley of Kashmir, also spelled Cashmere[2] is almost completely surrounded by the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal range. Deccan education society is an organization which runs 43 education establishments in Maharastra, Pune founded by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. The Rajatarangini was written in Sanskrit by Kalhana, who was a Kashmiri Brahmin. 'Rajatharangini' review: A Sanskrit classic from Kashmir revisited in Indeed, in the imagined community of multilingual India, Sanskritic culture is the one indissoluble bond between Kashmir and Kerala, forever sanctified by the epoch-making mission of Keralas Shankaracharya, the enunciator of Advaita philosophy. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? Please abide by our community guidelines for posting your comments. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. Because of this, the Nga chief burnt down the king's city, and the king died in the fire. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. The Journal of Asian Studies Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? - ProfoundTips Who translated Ramayana into Persian? | Indian History - Sawaal This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. 'Great King')[29] and ruled from 1418 to 1470. He wrote the work in Sanskrit between 1148 and 1149. the Kambojs Then Lalitaditiya meets the Bhauttas in Baltistan in western Tibet north of Kashmir, then the Dardas in Karakoram/Himalaya, the Valukambudhi and then he encounters Strirajya, the Uttarakurus and the Pragjyotisha respectively (IV.165-175). Sanskrit Literature in the Medieval India Jonaraja in his Dvitiya Rajatara? Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Since the battle was motive-less for the Delhi Sultanate peace concluded between them on a condition that all the territories from Sirhind to Kashmir belong to the Shah Mir empire. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. , , are the top translations of "puhdas" into Persian. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Son of Durlabhavardhana and Anangalekha. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. In that officials, Abul Fazi translated Ramayana into Persian. In 1574 Akbar started a Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in Fatehpur Sikri. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. It joins a long catalogue of such translations from Sanskrit beginning with that of Kautilyas The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a historical text on this region. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. And 40 years after his passing, the translation has now been brought into publication thanks to the zealous efforts of a few lovers of classical literature. A Short Note On Kalhana's Rajatarangini - Unacademy Who was the last king of Gonanda dynasty? [6], Son of Shreshtasena, assisted by his brother and co-regent Toramana. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. The Lohara family was founded by a Nara of Darvabhisara (IV.712). This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Kalhana was an educated and sophisticated Sanskrit scholar, well-connected in the highest political circles. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. He subdued several enemies. Rajatarangini . Each issue contains four to five feature articles on topics During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. 23 February 2011. Introduction: The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Report Error For instance, Marcus Aurel Stein (1900) thought the way of talking and instructional pieces of the Rajatarangini that were in kvya style was essentially detached with the story legitimate, which was recorded, while Buhler arraigned the retreat to legend and fantasy as delivering the sequence of a huge piece of the message worthless and its creator suspect. The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, Supreme Court forms expert panel to probe any regulatory failure on Adani issue, India makes renewed push for consensus at G20 Foreign Ministers meeting, Hindenburg Research report on Adani Group | Supreme Court verdict on expert committee on March 2, High debt on Vedanta books puts investors on tenterhooks, Employees Provident Fund: How to activate UAN online, 1947: Madras Devadasis (Prevention of Dedication) Act passed, RMA 0-1 FCB, El Clasico highlights: Barcelona leads on aggregate after beating Real Madrid courtesy of a Militao own goal. His half-brother Vijaymalla rebelled against him, and got Harsha released from prison. The Rajataringini provides the earliest source on Kashmir that can be labeled as a "historical" text on this region. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. After ruling indirectly and directly. In 1380 C.E. Kalhana himself, notwithstanding, doesnt appear to have worked for any ruler. [7][8] Some scholars state that the Panjgabbar valley was peopled by Khasas and so ascribe a Khasa ethnicity to Shah Mir. [10] The Rajatarangini is a Sanskrit account of the various monarchies of Kashmir, prior to the advent of Islam. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". . Pratapaditya was a relative of a distant king named Vikrmaditya (II.6). Writing of Rajatarangini in the introduction to his 1935 English translation of this twelfth-century Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana, R. S. Pandit described it as a "poem of great scope, a more or less complete picture of society, in which the bloody periods of the past are delightfully relieved by delicate tales of love, by episodes of marvel Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. Request Permissions. [6], The Gonanda dynasty ruled Kashmir for 1002 years. Taking action accordingly, regardless of initiating Kalhana an extraordinary student of history, Ramesh Chandra Majumdar2 discussed his exceptionally faulty strategy comprising in consideration of legendary or amazing lords, an ignorant religiosity in the Epics and Puranas (antiquated Indian kinds portraying the previous), confidence in black magic and sorcery, clarification of occasions as because of the impact of destiny instead of to any normal reason, an overall instructional propensity roused by Hindu perspectives on karma, and simple showcase of poetical and logical expertise. Romila Thapar additionally excused Kalhanas moralism and teaching. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. The king imprisoned Toramana, when the latter stuck royal coins in his own name. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. that the material was genuinely picky. (Arjuna) of Mahabharata fame. He was (I.191) the first of his race. According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. translator of the Rajataragini. Nephew of Didda. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies.